Frost line in alabama - 1. Frost line is the depth at which groundwater freezes. It’s necessary to understand what the frost line is and how to determine frost line depth in order to grasp the risks associated...

 
Oct 15. Oct 18. Oct 21. Oct 24. Oct 27. Nov 1. Now that you know your frost dates, use our Garden Planting Calendar for Athens, Alabama to know when to sow and transplant your various vegetable plants!. Aamc salary tables

Dew and frost are actually the same phenomenon, except that dew occurs when the air temperature is above freezing while frost occurs when it is below. Both are condensation that oc...For one, the frost line in the early solar system was only about 3 AU, since the gas and dust of the protoplanetary disc absorbed light, keeping outer regions cooler. For another, we know that different planets form at different rates, and they can migrate during their formation. Large, Jupiter-like planets tend to form early on, and they tend ...From early April 2021, frost and freezing temperatures caused severe damage to crops including vineyards and fruit trees, oilseed rapes, potatoes and sugar beets across Europe. ... K. et al. Nat ...Jan 15, 2024 · As of 3 pm, temperatures were below freezing north of a Winfield – Scottsboro line where predominately snow mixed with sleet and some light freezing rain will continue into the night. However, temperatures this afternoon near I-59 were in the lower to middle 40s increasing to the middle 60s near Hwy 80/ I-85 with middle to upper 60s south of ... iMap Has Moved! The NWCC iMap has moved from to we are unable to provide redirects as the old system is shutting down.In order to assist in the migration we have created the tool below. Simply enter your old link and click 'Get Link' to get a new valid url.Except where otherwise protected from frost, foundation walls, piers and other permanent supports of buildings and structures shall be protected from frost by one or more of the following methods: ... Extended below the frost line specified in Table R301.2. 2. ... 2021 I-Codes Alabama Alaska Colorado Connecticut Energy I-Codes Illinois ...The IPC and IRC also state that all water and sewer lines must be at least 6 inches below the typical frost level for the area to help ensure that the pipe can't freeze. Also known as frost depth, the frost level is how far below ground level the soil could freeze during the winter, i.e., the total depth that frost penetrates into the soil.You have a small 20% chance of getting 32° by October 26. There is a 50% chance of being hit by a 32° frost starting around November 4. You have a 80% chance of seeing 32° by November 14. Said another way, you have a 1 in 5 chance at making it to that day without a 32° night. In the Fall.You have a small 20% chance of getting 32° by November 9. There is a 50% chance of being hit by a 32° frost starting around November 20. You have a 80% chance of seeing 32° by December 1. Said another way, you have a 1 in 5 chance at making it to that day without a 32° night. In the Fall.18.08.2018 - Back To Map Alabama Extreme Frost Line Penetration (in inches) State Average Frost Depth: 6″ Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, City of MobileA frost date is the average date of the last light freeze in spring or the first light freeze in fall. The classification of freeze temperatures is based on their effect on plants: Light freeze: 29° to 32°F (-1.7° to 0°C)—tender plants are killed. Moderate freeze: 25° to 28°F (-3.9° to -2.2°C)—widely destructive to most vegetation.Cream cheese frosting is a delightful addition to any dessert, be it a cake, cupcake, or cookie. Its creamy texture and tangy flavor perfectly complement the sweetness of baked goo...Temperature is an important process parameter. Maintaining integrity of both the molten and solid film is vital to avoiding bubble instability. Monitoring of the frost line can maximize this stability. Noncontact temperature measurement is the only way to measure the temperature of the moving film without damaging it.1. The USDA Hardiness Zone Method. To find the average frost dates for your region, you first need to determine your hardiness zone or planting zone. You can do this by using our planting zone map tool. Click on your state to zoom in or enter your zip code to find the zone number of your specific area. Frost dates can vary widely within each ...To use the USDA Alabama zone map, find the area of the state you live in, note the color and then check that color on the legend. This will be the planting zone you live in. This Alabama USDA zones map is based on the 2023 USDA map, where the USDA changed the current zones to reflect the warmer temperatures that have occurred due to climate change.Montgomery, AL 36132-7630. Titles & Vehicle Inspections. P.O. Box 327640. Montgomery, AL 36132-7640. Priority mail should not be sent to the physical address. Motor Vehicle Division. 334-242-9000.By Mail: Send the above information and the appropriate fee to: Alabama Vital Records. P.O. Box 5625. Montgomery, Alabama 36103-5625. In Person in Alabama: You may go to any county health department in the State of Alabama to obtain a certified copy of an Alabama marriage certificate. Most marriage certificates can be issued while you wait.The Crossword Solver found 30 answers to "Frost lines?", 6 letters crossword clue. The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. Enter the length or pattern for better results. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues. Enter a Crossword Clue. A clue is required. Sort by Length ...18.08.2018 - Back To Map Alabama Extreme Frost Line Penetration (in inches) State Average Frost Depth: 6″ Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, City of MobileBack To Map Georgia Extreme Frost Line Penetration (in inches) State Average Frost Depth: 5″ Source: U.S. Department of CommerceDig out a pit at the hydrant end that is roughly 3 feet in diameter and about a foot deeper than the level of the trench. Fill that bottom foot with pea rock or crushed stone to act as a small French drain. Lay out your feed line—3/4-inch-diameter PEX rated for direct bury works well and is inexpensive.Frost heaving, also known as frost heave, occurs in soil during freezing conditions. This phenomenon happens when ice forms beneath the surface of the soil, causing it to expand and lift, or "heave.". Ice lenses are a key component in the process of frost heave. They form in soil or rock when moisture present in these materials freezes.ing the soil near the frost line dry. Because water flows from wet to dry regions by capillary action, water f r om below the frost line is dra w n up. When it reaches the frost line, it f re eze s , too. The ice lenses grow thicker much as the ice on a pond thickens from the bottom side. As the frost line penetrates deeper intoPAY PROPERTY TAX ONLINE. Access Chilton County Digital Map. Revenue Commissioner: Tim Little. Property Tax: Email: [email protected]. To pay Property Tax online please visit: www.chiltoncountyrevenue.com. Property Tax Collections. 205-755-1249.Background: Pembrolizumab is a standard of care as first line palliative therapy in PD-L1 overexpressing (≥50%) non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study aimed at the identification of KRAS and TP53-defined mutational subgroups in the PD-L1 high population to distinguish long-term responders from those with limited benefit.The chart below provides a summary of state laws related to property lines and fence laws in Alabama, including links to important code sections. Statutes. Partition Fences - Definition: Ala. Code Ann. 35-7-1. Partition Fences - Joint Expenses: Ala. Code Ann. 35-7-3. Partition Fences - Failure to Repair: Ala. Code Ann. 35-7-2.Search Clue: When facing difficulties with puzzles or our website in general, feel free to drop us a message at the contact page. We have 1 Answer for crossword clue Frost Lines of NYT Crossword. The most recent answer we for this clue is 5 letters long and it is Poems.What is the frost line depth in Georgia? Additionally, water and sewer pipes need to be placed below the frost lines as well. Here are the 10 states with the deepest frost lines: Alaska (100 inches) Minnesota (80 inches)…Frost Lines By State 2021. State. Frost Lines (Inches) Mississippi. 8.However, local conditions might require a deeper burial depth because of soil types and locality-specific frost line depth. Such requirements are usually written in amendments made to the code by local jurisdictions. Section P2903.10 covers freeze protection for hose bibbs (including the "frost-proof" types) subject to freezing temperatures.If you’ve ever tried your hand at baking, you know that a delicious buttercream frosting can take your cakes, cupcakes, and cookies to the next level. But for beginners, the though...Inspection Line: 970-305-3161 - ext. 1 . Town of Berthoud Planning and Building Department 807 Mountain Avenue PO Box 1229 Berthoud, Colorado 80513 970.532.2643 . Speed (mph) Topographic Effects Wintering Frost Line Depth Termite 35 psf. 115-140 Special Wind Region. Yes B Severe 30 in Slight to Moderate 1 Yes Per Town Code Regs 1000 45ºF Flood ...The next post, "Slabs for Colder Climates, Part 2: Installing Frost-Protected Shallow Foundations, will discuss design criteria for and installation issues with FPSFs. The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) developed Standard 32-01 for the Design and Construction of Frost-Protected Shallow Foundations. Except where otherwise protected from frost, foundation walls, piers and other permanent supports of buildings and structures shall be protected from frost by one or more of the following methods: Extended below the frost line specified in Table R301.2.(1). A water line should be buried 4-6 below the lowest depth of frost in the ground so that it doesn’t freeze and burst. The lowest frost point varies based on your climate and the quality of your soil. Call 811 to make sure that there are no cables, wires, or sewer lines in the ground so that you don’t damage them when you bury a water line.Using our free interactive tool, compare today's mortgage rates in Alabama across various loan types and mortgage lenders. Find the loan that fits your needs. In a state lineup, Al...By Robert Frost. Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both. And be one traveler, long I stood. And looked down one as far as I could. To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear;8 Seconds is a 1994 American biographical drama film directed by John G. Avildsen. Its title refers to the length of time a bull rider is required to stay on for a ride to be scored. WATCH IT NOW. Lane Frost, one of the best bull riders of all time. Celebrate Lane Frost's legacy with the Lane Frost Brand. Shirts, hats and other cowboy merchandise.Frost Construction & Custom Homes, Inc., Decatur, Alabama. 973 likes. Our goal is to build your custom dream home. No home too big or too small.Oct 23. Oct 27. Oct 31. Nov 4. Nov 8. Nov 11. Nov 16. Nov 22. Now that you know your frost dates, use our Garden Planting Calendar for Dothan, Alabama to know when to sow and transplant your various vegetable plants!A frost date is the average date of the last light freeze in spring or the first light freeze in fall. The classification of freeze temperatures is based on their effect on plants: Light freeze: 29° to 32°F (-1.7° to 0°C)—tender plants are killed. Moderate freeze: 25° to 28°F (-3.9° to -2.2°C)—widely destructive to most vegetation.From: DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA CONSTRUCTION CODES SUPPLEMENT OF 2008 DCMR 12A BUILDING CODE SUPPLEMENTCHAPTER 18A SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS SECTION 1805A FOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONS Delete Section 1805.2.1 ...Map to support parcel look-up app.First is the atmosphere, which depends on the planet's closeness, so there are five layers in total. The first layer of the planet is mostly the crust, where we all live, and the oceans, valleys, and mountains. The next level is the upper mantle, followed by the mantle. Here is where the molten lava is. Finally, er have the outer core and the ...The first frost dates in northern Alabama are October 16 to 31. The first frost dates in most of southern Alabama are November 1 to 15. A small pocket in southern Alabama's first frost dates are November 16 to 30. Last and First Frost Dates for Alaska. Nearly all regions of Alaska experience freezing temperatures year-round.Frost Dates; Weather History; Gardening Gardening sub-navigation. ... 2024 First and Last Frost Dates for Places in Alabama. Alabaster, AL; Albertville, AL; Alexander ...A shed pier foundation consists of 4 or more concrete piers with diameters of 12"-24", which are poured to a depth at least 6-12" below the local frost line. Ideally, shed piers should be combined with a gravel shed foundation. This creates a frost-proof base that supports all parts of the shed equally while providing excellent drainage.Exterior water supply system piping shall be installed not less than 6 inches (152 mm) below the frost line and not less than 12 inches (305 mm) below grade. 305.6.1 Sewer Depth Building sewers that connect to private sewage disposal systems shall be a minimum of [NUMBER] inches (mm) below finished grade at the point of septic tank connection.A chart I have shows a maximum frost depth in central alabama to be .25 meters, or about 10 inches. 12 inches would be a good estimate. Not sure of your application, but in most areas of the SE embedment and depth of the footing required for seismic stability will extend below the frost line, meaning the depth to frost is not usually the ...Frost lines. Today's crossword puzzle clue is a quick one: Frost lines. We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. Here are the possible solutions for "Frost lines" clue. It was last seen in Daily quick crossword. We have 4 possible answers in our database.Located in St. Clair County, Alabama, Pell City is a charming city that offers a peaceful and scenic environment for its residents. Nestled in the heart of the state, Pell City enj...The Frost/Thaw line refers to the current allowable weights in place for a specific location in the Province of Alberta. Depending on the time of year, different parts of the Province may be at different allowable weights. The Province of Alberta monitors the frost and thaw depth through a network of thermistors located at 68 different ...Frost Brothers' Electronics (RadioShack), Luverne, Alabama. 845 likes · 2 talking about this. We are a locally owned electronics store offering cell phones, computers, satellite tv, and many homGardenias grown indoors need 6 to 8 hours of bright, indirect sunlight through a window. The gardenia is very sensitive to temperature changes, so keep it away from air conditioning, heat vents, and drafty windows. The plant prefers 70ᵒF (21°C) during the day and 60 to 65ᵒF (15 to 18°C) at night. The gardenia likes high humidity.Alabama – 6 inches. Georgia – 5 inches. California – 5 inches. South Carolina – 4 inches. Louisiana – 4 inches. Hawaii – 0 inches. Florida – 0 inches. Along with these frost lines, it’s also worth checking if any permits required for your deck from the state or Homeowners Association stipulate how deep your footings must be placed.A frost date is the average date of the last light freeze in spring or the first light freeze in fall. Light freeze: 29° to 32°F (-1.7° to 0°C)—tender plants are killed. Moderate freeze: 25° to 28°F (-3.9° to -2.2°C)—widely destructive to most vegetation. Severe freeze: 24°F (-4.4°C) and colder—heavy damage to most garden plants.Frost Lawn and Garden Services, LLC, Atmore, Alabama. 421 likes · 7 talking about this · 10 were here. We are family owned lawn and equipment company providing quality lawn equipment, parts, and...Learn how to check the frost line depth for your area and avoid frost heave when building decks, fences, and anything above grade. See a map of the frost line across the US and tips for digging footings.We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us.An amount up to twenty-five thousand dollars ($25,000) received as severance, unemployment compensation or termination pay, or as income from a supplemental income plan, or both, by an employee who, as a result of administrative downsizing, is terminated, laid-off, fired, or displaced from his or her employment.Decks, Patios, Porches, Walkways, Driveways, Stairs, Steps and Docks - Frost Depth Contour Map For The USA - Found a map for frost depth, of course this is from 1988, and is approximate. This is a PDF file. I thought this may help with frost depths. Check your local codes for actual depth of footings in your area. Go.We also provide top-notch customer service and competitive prices. Call us today at 513.480.4077 to schedule an appointment for our services. Frost Line Utility Services provides underground utility locating and other subsurface utility engineering services, like vacuum excavation & land clearing.Jun 11, 2021 · The same things happen below ground when the surrounding soil and water freeze. Frost lines matter because “anything above them can move when it freezes,” says Josh Risberg, Family Handyman’s set builder and one of the editors working on magazine’s The Getaway project. This affects building foundations, deck footings and underground ... Exterior water supply system piping shall be installed not less than 6 inches (152 mm) below the frost line and not less than 12 inches (305 mm) below grade.A frost date is the average date of the last frost in spring or the first frost in fall or winter. Frost occurs when air temperatures reach freezing: 32° Fahrenheit (0° Centigrade). However, a frost can occur even when air temperatures are just above freezing. Frost can damage young and newly planted plants, the new growth on established ...Midwest Regional Climate Center data: 2" and 4" soil temperature (24-hr and 7-day) Current soil temperature (24-hr period) Soil temperature climatology tool (warms-above and cools-below dates) Freeze date tool. Illinois State Water Survey - Water and Atmospheric Resources Monitoring Program (WARM)- IllinoisSoil Data.Tall Fescue Lawns, ANR-0231. Tall fescue is a cool-season, perennial, bunch-type grass for north Alabama lawns. It is desirable for its texture, dark green color, and ability to establish quickly from seed. It does not have the heat or drought tolerance of warm-season grasses, but for those in the northern part of the state, it is a popular choice.Once the Frost and Freeze program has begun for the Huntsville County Warning and Forecast area, a Frost Advisory will be issued when temperatures between 33 and 36 degrees are forecast under light wind and clear sky conditions. A Freeze Watch will be issued when temperatures in at least 50% of a county are expected to reach 32 degrees or lower ...Frost Line. Mass Market Paperback - August 30, 2016. A white hot romantic suspense from bestselling authors Linda Howard and Linda Jones. Lenna is Strength, a manifestation of the Tarot card, and powerful beyond reckoning. But when she's pulled into the human realm and tasked with protecting a young boy, everything is thrown into chaos.Frost lines? Today's crossword puzzle clue is a quick one: Frost lines?. We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. Here are the possible solutions for "Frost lines?" clue. It was last seen in The LA Times quick crossword. We have 3 possible answers in our database.The frost line, a crucial concept for any builder or homeowner, marks the maximum depth at which moisture present in the soil freezes during winter. This depth is not uniform across different regions significantly influenced by local winter temperatures and the soil's moisture content. For instance, in colder climates like Minnesota, the frost ...Long Lewis Ford in Hoover, Alabama is the premier destination for anyone looking to buy a car in Birmingham and its surrounding areas. In this article, we will explore why Long Lew...A frost date is the average date of the last light freeze in spring or the first light freeze in fall. The classification of freeze temperatures is based on their effect on plants: Light freeze: 29° to 32°F (-1.7° to 0°C)—tender plants are killed. Moderate freeze: 25° to 28°F (-3.9° to -2.2°C)—widely destructive to most vegetation.Under code, generally, one-story buildings with footings on undisturbed soil with LBVs between 1,500 and 4,000 should have a minimum width of 12 inches. Two-story buildings require a minimum of 15-inch wide footings for 1,500 LBV soil. For 2,000 LBV soil or greater, two-story buildings may have 12-inch minimum wide footings.' frost lines ' is the definition. (I've seen this in another clue) This is the entire clue. (Other definitions for verse that I've seen before include "Literature in metrical form" ...The frost-line depth is established by the authority having jurisdiction based on field experience and must be listed along with other design criteria in Table R301.2(1). Exterior foundations must extend below the frost line and a minimum of 12 inches (305 mm) below undisturbed soil. ... Alabama Arizona Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of ...Semantic Scholar extracted view of "Dynamics of cold acclimation and complex phytohormone responses in Triticum monococcum lines G3116 and DV92 differing in vernalization and frost tolerance level" by R. Vaňková et al.A frost date is the average date of the last light freeze in spring or the first light freeze in fall. The classification of freeze temperatures is based on their effect on plants: Light freeze: 29° to 32°F (-1.7° to 0°C)—tender plants are killed. Moderate freeze: 25° to 28°F (-3.9° to -2.2°C)—widely destructive to most vegetation.Nov 13, 2021 · Another frost advisory has been issued for the southeast corner of Alabama, according to the National Weather Service in Tallahassee. It will be in effect from 3 a.m. until 7 a.m. Sunday. Oct 12. Oct 16. Oct 19. Oct 22. Oct 25. Oct 29. Nov 1. Nov 7. Now that you know your frost dates, use our Garden Planting Calendar for Birmingham, Alabama to know when to sow and transplant your various vegetable plants! Forrest Gump is a 1994 American comedy-drama film directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Eric Roth.It is an adaptation of the 1986 novel of the same name by Winston Groom and stars Tom Hanks, Robin Wright, Gary Sinise, Mykelti Williamson, and Sally Field.. The film follows the life of an Alabama man named Forrest Gump (Hanks) and his experiences in the 20th-century United States.NOAA National Weather Service NWS Birmingham, Alabama. Note: "N/A" or "MISG" will be displayed if values are not available. In the LOCATION column, click on links for a list of recent observations at sites of interest.Water service pipe shall be installed not less than 12 inches (305 mm) deep and not less than 6 inches (152 mm) below the frost line. P2603.5.1 Sewer Depth Building sewers that connect to private sewage disposal systems shall be not less than [NUMBER] inches (mm) below finished grade at the point of septic tank connection.A frost date is the average date of the last light freeze in spring or the first light freeze in fall. The classification of freeze temperatures is based on their effect on plants: Light freeze: 29° to 32°F (-1.7° to 0°C)—tender plants are killed. Moderate freeze: 25° to 28°F (-3.9° to -2.2°C)—widely destructive to most vegetation.About Frost Maps. Plantmaps maintains Frost data and maps for many regions on the earth. We've created Average First Frost Dates, Average Last Frost Dates and Average Number of days with Frost maps for most US States and Candian Provinces. Plantmaps also created maps for many countries around the world that are in latitudes where frost occurs.March 7, 2024 / by Muhammad Zeeshan. The frost line, also known as the frost depth or freezing depth, is a crucial factor in construction, particularly in regions that experience cold climates. It refers to the depth at which the groundwater in soil is expected to freeze.The frost line depth ranges widely across states - from as deep as 100 inches in Alaska to virtually non-existent in Hawaii and Florida. The coldest states, including Alaska, Minnesota, and North Dakota, have the deepest frost lines amongst all states. For instance, Alaska leads with an impressive 100-inch frost line depth, followed by ...

Alabama Cooperative Extension System home grounds, gardens and home pests regional agents say it is important to prepare for the season. Frost's Bite The change of a climate on a dime can be .... Northwood fox mountain 235rls for sale

frost line in alabama

Oct 14, 2023 10:11 AM EDT. Robert Frost. Robert Frost and a Summary of "Out, Out—". " Out, Out — " is a single-stanza poem set in an idyllic rural landscape between the states of New Hampshire and Vermont. In the distance are mountains, and in the immediate foreground, a noisy buzz saw. The scene is one of busy industry, with workers sawing ...What Is The Frost Line Depth In My Area? So, your next question may be what is the frost line in your area? Here in the Atlanta, Georgia area the frost line is between 5 and 10 inches. So, that means your water pipes should be buried between 17 and 22 inches below the top ground. You can see a map of Georgia's frost line here at Hammerpedia.com.Under code, generally, one-story buildings with footings on undisturbed soil with LBVs between 1,500 and 4,000 should have a minimum width of 12 inches. Two-story buildings require a minimum of 15-inch wide footings for 1,500 LBV soil. For 2,000 LBV soil or greater, two-story buildings may have 12-inch minimum wide footings.Taken from the Farmer's Almanac: Frost Advisory: Issued when minimum temperatures are expected to be between 33° and 36°F (0.5° and 2°C). Skies are generally clear and winds light. Freeze Watch: Issued when minimum temperatures are expected to be 32°F (0°C) or less within the next 24 to 36 hours. Freeze Warning: Issued when minimum ...Robert Frost was born in San Francisco, but his family moved to Lawrence, Massachusetts, in 1884 following his father's death. The move was actually a return, for Frost's ancestors were originally New Englanders, and Frost became famous for his poetry's engagement with New England locales, identities, and themes. Frost graduated from Lawrence High School, in 1892, as class poet (he also ...Instead, you want it good and stable. Frost line requirements help prevent problems by telling you how deep you must dig to be out of the danger zone. Get A Free Quote for Manufactured Home Insurance *Save $250 per year, on average! Frost lines vary. ... Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina, and Florida ...The origins of a critical African American voting bloc. For the first time in 25 years, Alabama has elected a Democratic senator. Doug Jones won a heated election, defeating his op...Karl D. Frost. Energy Efficiency Unit Chief. Alabama Department of Economic and Community Affairs. Mailing: PO Box 5690 Montgomery, AL 36103 United States (334) 242-5322. ... Prior to July 31, 1995, cities and counties in Alabama were free to adopt energy codes as they deemed appropriate. Most cities and counties that chose to adopt … The frost line depth ranges widely across states - from as deep as 100 inches in Alaska to virtually non-existent in Hawaii and Florida. The coldest states, including Alaska, Minnesota, and North Dakota, have the deepest frost lines amongst all states. For instance, Alaska leads with an impressive 100-inch frost line depth, followed by ... Except where otherwise protected from frost, foundation walls, piers and other permanent supports of buildings and structures shall be protected from frost by one or more of the following methods: Extended below the frost line specified in Table R301.2.(1). Constructed in accordance with Section R403.3. Constructed in accordance with ASCE 32.We would like to show you a description here but the site won't allow us.The same things happen below ground when the surrounding soil and water freeze. Frost lines matter because “anything above them can move when it freezes,” says Josh Risberg, Family Handyman’s set builder and one of the editors working on magazine’s The Getaway project. This affects building foundations, deck footings and underground ....

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