Carbon dating accuracy

With two AMS instruments dedicated to the measurement of 14C, we are proud to offer high-precision dates – usually ±20–25 years for samples younger than 5,000 ...Chronological dating, or simply dating, is the process of attributing to an object or event a date in the past, allowing such object or event to be located in a previously established chronology.This usually requires what is commonly known as a "dating method". Several dating methods exist, depending on different criteria and techniques, and some very well …Jul 16, 2019 · Professor Willard Libby, a chemist at the University of Chicago, first proposed the idea of radiocarbon dating in 1946. Three years later, Libby proved his hypothesis correct when he accurately dated a series of objects with already-known ages. Nothing good can last—and in the case of carbon-14, a radioactive isotope found in Earth’s ... Radiocarbon dating uses carbon isotopes. Radiocarbon dating relies on the carbon isotopes carbon-14 and carbon-12. Scientists are looking for the ratio of those two …Jul 19, 2022 · Radiocarbon dating: going back in time. The fraction of radioactive carbon-14 (denoted as 14 C/C) in atmospheric carbon dioxide increased after nuclear-bomb testing produced excess 14 C in the ... “We have reason to believe that ages up to 15,000 to 20,000 years can be measured with some accuracy,” Dr. Libby told The Times. On Dec. 31, 1951, the newspaper reported that J. Laurence Kulp ...Argon–argon (or 40 Ar/ 39 Ar) dating is a radiometric dating method invented to supersede potassium–argon (K/Ar) dating in accuracy. The older method required splitting samples into two for separate potassium and argon measurements, while the newer method requires only one rock fragment or mineral grain and uses a single measurement of argon …Radiocarbon (Carbon-14) Dating. Carbon has three isotopes: carbon-12 (12 C), carbon-13 (13 C), and carbon-14 (14 C). ... This approach greatly increases the dating precision and accuracy of the layer that produced the volcanic sample. The ability to identify a single eruption is very advantageous in places where volcanoes frequently erupt and ... We know the exact half-life of carbon, so carbon dating is extremely accurate. CaptOblivious. • 9 yr. ago. "carbon" dating is only one kind of radiometric dating there are a number of other elements with isotope half lives that can also be used for dating. Using the right elements isotopes radiometric dating can be very accurate but even then ... Mar 9, 2024 · For the longest time, the amounts of these isotopes in the atmosphere were consistent, so carbon dating was quite accurate. Over the past few decades, though, this calibration of carbon isotopes in the atmosphere has changed, largely due to the effects of burning fossil fuels. Carbon dating is impacted due to the effects of burning fossil fuels ... The Carbon-14 Cycle. Radiocarbon dating (usually referred to simply as carbon-14 dating) is a radiometric dating method. It uses the naturally occurring radioisotope carbon-14 (14 C) to estimate the age of carbon-bearing materials up to about 58,000 to 62,000 years old.Carbon has two stable, nonradioactive isotopes: carbon-12 …Radiocarbon dating uses the decay of a radioactive isotope of carbon (14C) to measure time and date objects containing carbon-bearing material. With a half-life of 5,700 ± 30 years, detection of ...What Is Carbon Fiber? - What is carbon fiber? Learn about this amazing material and find out how carbon fiber car parts can help solve the oil shortage. Advertisement Before you ca...Also, techniques such as taking samples from multiple sections and dating with multiple isotopes, will help crosscheck/confirm the accuracy of the date. Carbon-14 is the most commonly used isotope for dating organic material (plants, animals). Plants and animals continually take in carbon-14 during their lifespan.Yes, you read that right: nitrogen. Now, this newly-formed nitrogen atom isn’t very stable with all this new energy, so it quickly drops one of its protons. Now it’s given …Feb 23, 2020 · Give and Take: Is Carbon-14 Dating Reliable? With geology and geological engineering professor Gregg DavidsonDig Deeper: https://www.reasons.org/explore/blog... Any errors in the calibration curve do not contribute more than ±16 years to the measurement error during the historic and late prehistoric periods (0 - 6,000 ...Jun 6, 2018 · The science behind the dating method is fairly straightforward: nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere hit with cosmic radiation are converted into a type of carbon with eight neutrons. This carbon – which has an atomic mass of 14 – has a chance of losing that neutron to turn into a garden variety carbon isotope over a predictable amount of time. March 25, 2012. Sidebar to the article Applying Carbon-14 Dating to Recent Human Remains by Philip Bulman with Danielle McLeod-Henning. Standard carbon-14 testing, as used by archaeologists, is based on the natural process of radioactive carbon formation that results from cosmic ray bombardment of nitrogen in the …One rare form has atoms that are 14 times as heavy as hydrogen atoms: carbon-14, or 14 C, or radiocarbon. Carbon-14 is made when cosmic rays knock neutrons out of atomic nuclei in the upper atmosphere. These displaced neutrons, now moving fast, hit ordinary nitrogen ( 14 N) at lower altitudes, converting it into 14 C.Calibration is a vital aspect of maintaining accuracy and reliability in test equipment. Whether you are in the manufacturing, engineering, or scientific industry, having properly ...With two AMS instruments dedicated to the measurement of 14C, we are proud to offer high-precision dates – usually ±20–25 years for samples younger than 5,000 ...Carbon Dating. Carbon dating is a variety of radioactive dating which is applicable only to matter which was once living and presumed to be in equilibrium with the atmosphere, taking in …Radiocarbon helps date ancient objects—but it's not perfect. For nearly 70 years, archaeologists have been measuring carbon-14 levels to date sites and artifacts. …Radiocarbon dating: radioactive carbon decays to nitrogen with a half-life of 5730 years. In dead material, the decayed 14C is not replaced and its concentration in the object decreases slowly. ... MCI does not make any warranty, expressed or implied; does not assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, …Third, carbon-14 decays so slowly that carbon dating is only accurate to within a few hundred years. These factors made it mostly the preserve of archaeology. Then the cold war started. A surge of ...In today’s fast-paced world, businesses are constantly looking for ways to improve efficiency and accuracy in their operations. One tool that can greatly assist in achieving this g...Radiocarbon dating works by comparing the three different isotopes of carbon. Isotopes of a particular element have the same number of protons in their nucleus, but different numbers of neutrons ...An overhaul of carbon dating has been announced today. The update – the first in seven years – led by an international calibration team (IntCal), not only improves the accuracy of radiocarbon dating, but also lets researchers look 5000 years further back in time, to 55,000 years ago.Sep 25, 2023 · If you know the decay rate and the amount of carbon-14 and the number of nitrogen-14 atoms in a sample, you can then attempt to determine its age. The rate of this decay is what geologists attempt to determine and use to date samples containing C-14, using the assumptions mentioned previously. Watch this video for tips on how to protect your family from smoke, fire, and carbon monoxide (CO) by installing smoke and carbon monoxide alarms. Expert Advice On Improving Your H...AboutTranscript. Carbon-14 forms in the atmosphere through cosmic rays interacting with nitrogen-14, creating a small fraction of carbon-14 in living organisms. When an organism dies, its carbon-14 decays back into nitrogen-14 at a known rate, called a half-life (5,730 years). By measuring the remaining carbon-14 in fossils, scientists can ... Carbon-14 Dating. Carbon-14 ( 14 C), also referred to as radiocarbon, is claimed to be a reliable dating method for determining the age of fossils up to 50,000 to 60,000 years. If this claim is true, the biblical account of a young earth (about 6,000 years) is in question, since 14 C dates of tens of thousands of years are common. 1. carbon dating: [noun] the determination of the age of old material (such as an archaeological or paleontological specimen) by means of the content of carbon 14.Radiocarbon dating, also known as carbon dating, carbon-14 dating, C-14 or 14 C, was invented by American physical chemist Willard Libby in the 1940s. This form of dating is just one of a broad range of scientific dating methods known collectively as radiometric (or radioisotope) dating.This chapter reviews the basic elements of the radiocarbon ( 14 C) dating method and summarizes three generations of 14 C studies in archaeology. It considers in greater detail several major advances in 14 C research including the extension of the calibration of the 14 C time scale into the late Pleistocene, further detailed …Radiocarbon ( 14 C) dating is an isotopic or nuclear decay method which can determine an age for once-living organic materials. The technique provides a common chronometric time scale of worldwide applicability on a routine basis in the age range from ~250 to 300 years to between 50,000 and 60,000 years. With …Oct 19, 2023 · Composite techniques have been devised that combine carbon dating with techniques to calibrate and extend its scope, but even those techniques are inherently fallible. Carbon dating is therefore only unquestionably accurate for a few thousand years; any results beyond that frame is questionable. This is the major limitation of carbon dating. Oct 18, 2012 · Learn how climate records from a Japanese lake are improving the accuracy of carbon dating, which could help to shed light on archaeological mysteries such as Neanderthal extinction. The article explains the carbon clock, its variations and the new standard based on Lake Suigetsu measurements. Are you looking to improve your typing skills? Whether you’re a student, professional, or just someone who wants to become more efficient at the keyboard, free online typing practi...Jul 21, 2015 ... The dating method has been used for decades to accurately determine the age of a wide range of artefacts. But using fossil fuels pumps a type of ...news. NEWS. 27 July 2022. Carbon dating hampered by rising fossil-fuel emissions. Archaeologists will increasingly have to rely on other techniques as emissions continue to …Radiocarbon dating relies on a simple natural phenomenon. As the Earth's upper atmosphere is bombarded by cosmic radiation, atmospheric nitrogen is broken down into an unstable isotope of carbon - carbon 14 (C-14). Bombardment Reactions. The unstable isotope is brought to Earth by atmospheric activity, such as storms, and …In today’s data-driven world, ensuring the accuracy and integrity of data is of utmost importance for businesses. Data integrity refers to the validity, consistency, and reliabilit...Factors affecting the accuracy of the carbon-dating method of analysis have been discussed by several workers (1, 3, 13, 14). Since, however, these workers were interested primarily in archeological and geological applications of carbon-dating, they were most concerned with the absolute age of a sample. All "young" …Carbon Dating. Carbon-14 dating, often known as radiocarbon dating, is a technique for determining the age of any sample that relies on radiocarbon’s (carbon-14) degradation to nitrogen. Neutrons combine with nitrogen-14 in the Earth’s atmosphere to make carbon-14, which is a process that occurs frequently in nature. Cosmic rays …Carbon-dating techniques rely on the fact that there are several isotopes of carbon in the air. Stable carbon-12 is the most common. But there is also a small amount of radioactive carbon-14 ...Chronological dating, or simply dating, is the process of attributing to an object or event a date in the past, allowing such object or event to be located in a previously established chronology.This usually requires what is commonly known as a "dating method". Several dating methods exist, depending on different criteria and techniques, and some very well …In today’s data-driven world, ensuring the accuracy and integrity of data is of utmost importance for businesses. Data integrity refers to the validity, consistency, and reliabilit...In the fast-paced world of logistics and e-commerce, accuracy is paramount when it comes to warehouse picking and packing. From ensuring customer satisfaction to optimizing operati...Anything that was once alive or that was produced by a living thing can be dated by using the radiocarbon method of dating. This method, which received ...March 25, 2012. Sidebar to the article Applying Carbon-14 Dating to Recent Human Remains by Philip Bulman with Danielle McLeod-Henning. Standard carbon-14 testing, as used by archaeologists, is based on the natural process of radioactive carbon formation that results from cosmic ray bombardment of nitrogen in the …In the fast-paced world of logistics and e-commerce, accuracy is paramount when it comes to warehouse picking and packing. From ensuring customer satisfaction to optimizing operati...Carbon is made up of three isotopes. How most abundant, carbon, remains stable in the atmosphere. On the other hand, carbon is radioactive and carbon into discovery discovery time. Every 5, years, the radioactivity of carbon decays by half. That half-life is critical to radiocarbon dating. The how radioactivity a carbon isotope emits, …The use of bomb-pulse radiocarbon has become widespread as a precise dating tool for the last 60 years, leading to new applications in forensic science, biology, physiology, plant and animal growth, and climate studies. Carbon-14 (14C) was generated by nuclear explosions in the atmosphere due to weapons testing, …Oct 19, 2023 · Composite techniques have been devised that combine carbon dating with techniques to calibrate and extend its scope, but even those techniques are inherently fallible. Carbon dating is therefore only unquestionably accurate for a few thousand years; any results beyond that frame is questionable. This is the major limitation of carbon dating. Typically, the older the object, the less carbon-14 it contains as the radioactive isotope decays. The short half-life means that not enough carbon-14 is detectable after 55,000 years, and there should be none at all for 100,000 years or more. For these reasons, radiocarbon dating can never give dates of millions of years.We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.Professor Willard Libby, a chemist at the University of Chicago, first proposed the idea of radiocarbon dating in 1946. Three years later, Libby proved his hypothesis correct when he accurately dated a series of objects with already-known ages. Nothing good can last—and in the case of carbon-14, a radioactive isotope …Carbon contains three naturally occurring isotopes, two of which are stable (12 C, 13 C) and one (14 C or radiocarbon) which is, at the nuclear level, naturally unstable or radioactive and decays with a half-life of ~5,700 years.Radiocarbon (14 C) dating is an isotopic or nuclear decay method of …Carbon-14 dating. The carbon-bearing materials formed in equilibrium with atmospheric carbon acquire, during their formation, small amounts of the cosmic-ray-produced 14 C isotope. When the exchange with the atmospheric carbon comes to an end, the radio-active decay of the 14 C provides a method for determining the time elapsed since the ...Radiocarbon dating (also referred to as carbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon. The method was developed in the late 1940s at the University of Chicago by … See moreThe depth of the carbon sample and its calibrated date become chronological anchors. ... from these results it appears that increasing the number of radiocarbon dates above five is unlikely to affect the accuracy of a PEWMA regression analysis even when using a bootstrap to account for dating …A team of researchers with members affiliated with several institutions in the U.S. and China has found two stalagmites that offer a way to improve the accuracy of the carbon-14 dating technique.An overhaul of carbon dating has been announced today. The update – the first in seven years – led by an international calibration team (IntCal), not only improves the accuracy of radiocarbon dating, but also lets researchers look 5000 years further back in time, to 55,000 years ago.In today’s fast-paced world, accuracy and precision are crucial in various industries. From manufacturing to healthcare, the need for reliable measurements cannot be overstated. Th...Carbon-14 Dating Carbon- 4 ( 4C), also referred to as radiocar-bon, is claimed to be a reliable dating method for determining the age of fossils up to 50,000 to 60,000 years. If this claim is true, the biblical account of a young earth (about 6,000 years) is in question, since 4C dates of tens of thousands of years are common.1 Introduction. Radiocarbon (14 C) is one of three naturally occurring isotopes of carbon.Unlike its stable counterparts (12 C and 13 C), radiocarbon decays away with a half-life of ∼5700 years (i.e., the abundance of radiocarbon in a fixed mass halves every ∼5700 years).It is a relatively rare isotope of carbon, representing ∼1.2 × 10 −10 % of …Watch this video for tips on how to protect your family from smoke, fire, and carbon monoxide (CO) by installing smoke and carbon monoxide alarms. Expert Advice On Improving Your H...Radiocarbon dating: radioactive carbon decays to nitrogen with a half-life of 5730 years. In dead material, the decayed 14C is not replaced and its ...We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.Although carbon dating is now more reliable, it has one major drawback: it only goes back 50,000 years, leaving most of human history outside its reach. ... achieving a new level of certainty and accuracy. Who knows – maybe one day the ins and outs of the human past will have been entirely revealed, date by date by date.In today’s fast-paced world, efficiency and accuracy are key factors for businesses looking to stay ahead. One area where these factors are particularly crucial is in communication...Are you looking to improve your typing speed and accuracy? Whether you’re a professional looking to enhance your productivity or a student trying to keep up with assignments, havin...In any laboratory setting, accuracy and efficiency are crucial factors that directly impact the quality of results obtained. LabTrak, a cutting-edge software solution, has revoluti...Apr 4, 2018 · 2 Answers. There is no exact date beyond which carbon 14 decay is/is not useful. However, given that the half life of carbon 14 is 5730 years, then there really isn't much carbon 14 left in a sample that is 60,000 years old. The decay constant is λ = ln 2/t1/2 λ = ln 2 / t 1 / 2, so the fraction of carbon left would be exp[−λt] exp [ − ... Sep 8, 2022 · Archaeology. September 8, 2022. Radiocarbon dating only works half the time. We may have found the solution. by Eran Elhaik, The Conversation. Credit: AI-generated image. Dating is everything in ... The annual dating accuracy of such composite chronologies is ... The carbon box model developed and introduced by 12 was herein expanded and improved by separating the NH and SH data to ...Carbon Dating. Carbon-14 dating, often known as radiocarbon dating, is a technique for determining the age of any sample that relies on radiocarbon’s (carbon-14) degradation to nitrogen. Neutrons combine with nitrogen-14 in the Earth’s atmosphere to make carbon-14, which is a process that occurs frequently in nature. Cosmic rays …Anything that was once alive or that was produced by a living thing can be dated by using the radiocarbon method of dating. This method, which received ...Media contact. Isabelle Dubach. Media and Content Manager. +61 432 307 244. [email protected]. Radiocarbon dating is set to become more accurate after an international team of scientists improved the technique for assessing the age of historical events and objects. The new curves will help …Are you looking to improve your typing skills? Whether you’re a student, professional, or just someone who wants to become more efficient at the keyboard, free online typing practi...Yes, you read that right: nitrogen. Now, this newly-formed nitrogen atom isn’t very stable with all this new energy, so it quickly drops one of its protons. Now it’s given …Typically, the older the object, the less carbon-14 it contains as the radioactive isotope decays. The short half-life means that not enough carbon-14 is detectable after 55,000 years, and there should be none at all for 100,000 years or more. For these reasons, radiocarbon dating can never give dates of millions of years.Accurate radiocarbon dating of pottery vessels can reveal: (1) the period of use of pottery; (2) the antiquity of organic residues, including when specific foodstuffs were exploited; (3) the ...Radiocarbon dating: going back in time. The fraction of radioactive carbon-14 (denoted as 14 C/C) in atmospheric carbon dioxide increased after nuclear-bomb testing produced excess 14 C in the ...Sometimes called carbon-14 dating, this method works on organic material. Both plants and animals exchange carbon with their environment until they die. Afterward, the amount of the radioactive isotope carbon-14 in their remains decreases. Measuring carbon-14 in bones or a piece of wood provides an …We know the exact half-life of carbon, so carbon dating is extremely accurate. CaptOblivious. • 9 yr. ago. "carbon" dating is only one kind of radiometric dating there are a number of other elements with isotope half lives that can also be used for dating. Using the right elements isotopes radiometric dating can be very …Radiocarbon dating uses carbon isotopes. Radiocarbon dating relies on the carbon isotopes carbon-14 and carbon-12. Scientists are looking for the ratio of those two …Oct 18, 2012 · Learn how climate records from a Japanese lake are improving the accuracy of carbon dating, which could help to shed light on archaeological mysteries such as Neanderthal extinction. The article explains the carbon clock, its variations and the new standard based on Lake Suigetsu measurements. $\begingroup$ Carbon dating is calibrated using data from tree rings. For example, if you cut down an old tree today, you can see the growth rings going back many years. You can then carbon date each ring and use the data to calibrate other readings.The annual dating accuracy of such composite chronologies is ... The carbon box model developed and introduced by 12 was herein expanded and improved by separating the NH and SH data to ...Jun 6, 2018 · A new study by Cornell University suggests that carbon dating, the gold standard of archaeology, may be inaccurate due to variations in the carbon 14 cycle at certain periods of time. The researchers found that carbon 14 levels varied by up to 20 years in the southern Levant, affecting the timelines of historical events and sites. It is often argued that radio carbon dating is a safe way of measuring age on. What is often forgotten,is that this method will also require certain assumpti...Aug 12, 2020 · Thomas T/flickr. With the new IntCal20 curve, our best estimate for the creation of the oldest radiocarbon-dated painting in the cave is now 36,500 years ago. This is almost 450 years older than ... Yes, you read that right: nitrogen. Now, this newly-formed nitrogen atom isn’t very stable with all this new energy, so it quickly drops one of its protons. Now it’s given …Sep 23, 2023 ... For example, it needs enough carbon-14 remaining in an organism to make an accurate estimate. At a certain age (60,000 years or so), there ...A new calibration curve based on thousands of data points from various sources extends the range of radiocarbon dating back to 55,000 years ago. The recalibration could affect the estimated ages of …Once material has been purified for radiocarbon dating, the samples are combusted and their stable isotopes analysed. This is an important part of the quality control. The experience of the Unit in stable isotope work enables us to use both the stable isotope ratios (δ 13 C and δ 15 N) and the ratios of carbon to nitrogen to look for …The Carbon-14 Cycle. Radiocarbon dating (usually referred to simply as carbon-14 dating) is a radiometric dating method. It uses the naturally occurring radioisotope carbon-14 (14 C) to estimate the age of carbon-bearing materials up to about 58,000 to 62,000 years old.Carbon has two stable, nonradioactive …According to Wikipedia, carbon dating (also referred to as radiocarbon dating or carbon-14 dating) is a method for determining the age of old organic material by measuring the amount of its radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of carbon, also known as carbon 14. Carbon 12 makes up about 99% of all naturally …An overhaul of carbon dating has been announced today. The update – the first in seven years – led by an international calibration team (IntCal), not only improves the accuracy of radiocarbon ...Abstract. The application of radiocarbon dating to determine the geochronology of archaeological sites is ubiquitous across the African continent. …Carbon-dating techniques rely on the fact that there are several isotopes of carbon in the air. Stable carbon-12 is the most common. But there is also a small amount of radioactive carbon-14 ...Radiocarbon dating: radioactive carbon decays to nitrogen with a half-life of 5730 years. In dead material, the decayed 14C is not replaced and its ...Radiocarbon dating is the most widely used method for dating Holocene and latest Pleistocene earthquakes. The half-life of radioactive 14 C (5730 years) limits the application of radiocarbon dating to organic matter formed from carbon fixed within the last 50 000–60 000 years ( Trumbore, 2000 ). The amount of 14 C in atmospheric CO 2 has ...Mar 9, 2024 · For the longest time, the amounts of these isotopes in the atmosphere were consistent, so carbon dating was quite accurate. Over the past few decades, though, this calibration of carbon isotopes in the atmosphere has changed, largely due to the effects of burning fossil fuels. Carbon dating is impacted due to the effects of burning fossil fuels ... Carbon contains three naturally occurring isotopes, two of which are stable (12 C, 13 C) and one (14 C or radiocarbon) which is, at the nuclear level, naturally unstable or radioactive and decays with a half-life of ~5,700 years.Radiocarbon (14 C) dating is an isotopic or nuclear decay method of …An international team of scientists, including Prof Christopher Ramsey, have recalculated the curves used for radiocarbon dating for the first time in seven years.The new curves will help scientists build up a more accurate picture of the past. Radiocarbon dating is key for archaeology and environmental science to date everything from the oldest …Radiocarbon dating is the most frequently used approach for dating the last 55,000 years and underpins archaeological and environmental science. It was first developed in 1949. It depends upon two flavors, or isotopes, of carbon called stable carbon – containing six protons – and radioactive carbon – containing eight …The short answer is a resounding YES and here’s why. The concept behind radiocarbon dating is rather simple. While organisms live, they incorporate radioactive carbon-14 from the atmosphere. The same applies to marine organisms, although with some well-understood subtleties. After the organism dies, the …Carbon-14 is a weakly radioactive isotope of Carbon; also known as radiocarbon, it is an isotopic chronometer. C-14 dating is only applicable to organic and some inorganic materials (not applicable to metals).; Gas proportional counting, liquid scintillation counting and accelerator mass spectrometry are the three principal …This method of radiometric dating, which is also called radiocarbon dating or carbon-14 dating, is accurate for dating carbon-containing substances that are up to about 30,000 years old, and can provide reasonably accurate dates up to a maximum of about 50,000 years old. Naturally occurring carbon consists of …What Is Carbon Fiber? - What is carbon fiber? Learn about this amazing material and find out how carbon fiber car parts can help solve the oil shortage. Advertisement Before you ca...In order for carbon dating to by accurate certain foundational assumptions must first be true. We must assume to know that the rate at which carbon-14 decays into nitrogen-14 hasn't somehow changed throughout the unobservable past. We must also assume to know what the ratio of carbon-12 to carbon-14 was in the environment in which our specimen ...The science behind the dating method is fairly straightforward: nitrogen atoms in the atmosphere hit with cosmic radiation are converted into a type of carbon with eight neutrons. This carbon – which has an atomic mass of 14 – has a chance of losing that neutron to turn into a garden variety carbon isotope over a … | Chvgichmxnkbr (article) | Macbu.