F-16 vs f-14

Anyway, here's some analysis from a pilot who has flown both: TLDR - the F-16 maintains energy better whereas the F/A-18 can turn tighter and is all about the angles. It comes down to which pilot employs his aircrafts strengths the best. The Hornet is disadvantaged by being overbuilt for Carrier duty so it's heavier.EDIT: My apologies, the F-16 does indeed have rockets. I rarely use them, hence the omission. This is due to carrying two fuel tanks for endurance. this vide...The F-16 evolved from a 1972 USAF Lightweight Fighter (LWF) prototype program which sought a small, lightweight, low cost, air superiority day fighter designed ...20 Jun 2023 ... AeroTurtle Discord: https://discord.gg/tgjfNjtzCm Witness the ultimate aerial showdown as the MiG-29 takes on the Mirage 2000-5F in War ...KingGooseMan3881. • 8 mo. ago. The F-15E is a terrible dog fighter, she’s fat and slow, not great responsiveness. The F-16 is a monster dog fighter. The F-15E is a monster A2G platform, the F-16 is capable but limited. The F-15E is a monster in BVR and so is the F-16, but the F-15E has the better radar that gives it a big advantage.Feb 16, 2020 · The F-14 Tomcat entered active service in 1974 and started to replace the F-4 Phantom in the same year. In response to US Navy requirements for a high-altitude interceptor to defend carriers with long-range air-to-air missiles against attacking aircraft, McDonnell Aircraft Company delivered the F4H (later redesignated F-4) Phantom II. Thanks to MANSCAPED for sponsoring today's video! Get 20% OFF + Free International Shipping with promo code "GROWLING" at https://mnscpd.com/GrowlingSidewind...20 May 2022 ... The F-14 is much faster and more powerful than the F/A-18, with a top speed of 2.34 Mach, while the Super Hornet reaches Mach 1.8. Super Hornets ...Check out the Merch Store: https://growling-sidewinder.creator-spring.com/APEX Gaming PCs: https://apexgamingpcs.com/products/growling-sidewinderJoin the cha...Still, the F-14 could carry a reconnaissance pod (although an RF-18 version was produced) while the F-18E fly as a buddy refueler. Anyway, thanks to its eleven weapon stations, the Super Hornet is ...Same thing happened with the F-16, F-15, and F-14 during development. We just didn't have the internet then so uninformed dilettantes couldn't broadcast their opinion. 5 posts | registered Jul 1, 2015F-16「戰隼」 (Fightingfalcon)和 F/A-18「大黃蜂」 (Hornet)是經典的第4世代戰機，它們問世時間差不多，地位上也差不多，都被視為輕型戰鬥機，在美軍 ...In terms of size, the F-16 is approximately 16 feet long with a wingspan of 34 feet, while the F-18 is about 20 feet long with a wingspan of 40 feet. In terms of speed, both aircraft are capable of Mach 2+ speeds. However, the F-18 has a slightly higher ceiling than the F-16 and is capable of Supercruise, which means it can maintain supersonic ...“An interesting question – I must have flown against the F-14, F-15, F-16, F-18, Tornado F3, F-8 Crusader and the F-104 Starfighter in combat. The older generation didn’t stand a chance, but the F-16 block 50 was very good. One of the drawbacks of the Mirage 2000 being unique was that as we did a lot of 1vs 1 and 2vs 2 Mirage vs Mirage ...The Rafales have a wingspan of 10.90 meters while the F-16s have a wingspan of 9.96 meters. Taking about the length, the length of a Rafale aircraft is 15.30 meters while that of an F-16 is 15.06 meters. So, the two aircraft are almost similar when it comes to the dimension of length. When it comes to weight, an empty Rafale weighs 10 …The F-16 is more of a fighter while the F-18 is more of an attack plane. The F-16 outaccelerates, outclimbs, and outspeeds the F-18 while also having better range and endurance when set for air to air. The downside is that the radar is weak, but the Hornet's is only slightly better in terms of range.Apr 11, 2007 · Air Force F16 fighter jet (technically an F16N---denoting it was sold to the Navy---but this aircraft is mainly used by the USAF rather than Navy) vs the F14... As told by Capt. Mike McCoy one of the 510th FS F-16 pilots that flew against JG 73 MiG-29s, the most impressive aspect of the Fulcrum’s performance for the American pilots was its low-speed ...16 Apr 2023 ... Fighter pilot reacts to dogfight of F-15 vs F-16. These fighter jets go head to head in an aviation showdown where only one can emerge ...If it comes to dogfighting, the F-16 is still one of the best in the world. However, the Russian pilots are likely to try and fight a stand-off battle, using medium and long-range missiles. If ...13 Oct 2023 ... You can fly all kinds of combat aircraft including the F-16, F-15, F-14, JF-17, Su-27, Mig-29, Mirage and the F-18 Hornet along with many other ...F-15 most dominating. F-14 most innovative. F-16 most cost effective. The F-14 was a fantastic plane but to attain the mantle of "Best" I believe cost, maintenance and longevity must be considered. That makes me like the F-15. But If I were in a short war had to choose between an air force consisting solely of 500 F-14s or 500 F-15's, I'd have ...Jul 21, 2023 · The F-18 has a range of 1,253 miles, vs the F-16's much higher 2,002 miles. The latter also has a higher ceiling of 55,000 feet, compared to the F-18's 50,000 feet. The F-16 can stay in the air ... Grumman F-14 Tomcat vs Lockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcon Comparison Aviation | Utilities | Side-by-Side ComparisonIt's also unlikely that an F-14 would be carrying AIM-54Cs with AIM-7Fs, as the AIM-7M was introduced before the AIM-54C. ... (It's also similar to what happens in the F-16 doghouse chart up at altitude and while the 16 and 15 are far from identical, it's strange to me that the F-15's performance doesn't drop linearly with altitude in the same ...October 1, 2023. F-22 Vs. F-16: In the ever-evolving realm of aerial warfare, two iconic fighter jets stand out as symbols of technological prowess and combat excellence—the F-22 Raptor and the F-16 Fighting Falcon. These formidable aircraft, developed by the United States, have played crucial roles in shaping modern air dominance and have ...14 Dec 2023 ... By the Gulf War in 1990, F-16s were flying regular ground-attack missions with missiles, bombs and anti-radar weapons. Although the MiG-29 can ...Check out the Merch Store: https://teespring.com/stores/growling-sidewinder-storeLongshot's Channel: …Mar 20, 2023 · The all-weather aircraft cost between $14.6 million and $18.8 million a unit, which buys "highly maneuverable" and "high-performance" fast jets for air-to-air and air-to-surface attacks, according ... Nov 4 2023 In this article: F-14 Tomcat The F-14 Tomcat and the F-15 Eagle are two of the best (and two of the most beautiful) fighters ever built. First flown on Dec. 21, 1970, …24 Oct 2023 ... ... 16 1:09:45 F-14 Glove Vanes 1:14:01 Air to Air vs Air to Ground 1:23:14 Digital Flight Control System. ... RAF F-14 Tomcat Pilot | Pete Legg (In ...21 Nov 2022 ... I take an F-16 Viper against Haggart's F-14 Tomcat in an areal race course. This the Dam race on the 4YA Aerobatics Online server.Mar 22, 2009 · I submit the following pics, the first of a typical F-16 block 30/40/50, the next of a typical F-14B or D. although similar, the F-16's always seems to have a whiter color than the F-14's, much like the F-15's which are alomost always white on the ceramic exhaust petals. This is not a singular F-16 vs. F-14 pic comparison. 13 Oct 2023 ... You can fly all kinds of combat aircraft including the F-16, F-15, F-14, JF-17, Su-27, Mig-29, Mirage and the F-18 Hornet along with many other ...Thanks to MANSCAPED for sponsoring today's video! Get 20% OFF + Free International Shipping with promo code "GROWLING" at https://mnscpd.com/GrowlingSidewind...With its long-range AIM-54 Phoenix missiles, the F-14 can engage and destroy multiple hostiles over 90 miles away, surpassing the F-16's capabilities. The F-14's variable …The F-16 is the better anti-SAM platform thanks to the HTS but the F-18 is capable as well. The F-18 does have a better anti-ship capability. The Hornet has SLAM-ER which along with a JSAOW makes things stupid easy to attack. I prefer the Hornets canopy bow for orientation. I do not like the bubble canopy of the F-16, I find I get lost in ...Mig-23 MF and F-4E performer are quite similar, the difference is negligible. F-16 agility is a world apart from both though. Mig-23 sustain load limit at 1 km altitude and 2 R-23 missiles: Mig-23ML sustain turn rate at different altitude. F-4E sustain G limit at difference altitude while carrying 4 AIM-7.14 Apr 2021 ... On the Tomcat, it was complex and heavy, and though its movement was automatic and rapid, some Air Force F-15 and F-16 pilots who flew against ...15 Nov 2021 ... Check out the Store: https://www.longshotstore.com/ ...Aug 5, 2020 · However, the F-16 is slightly taller than the F-18. Due to this, the F-16 is actually more stealthy than the F-18, although not like the F-22 or F-35! Most F-16 variants require only one crew, where many original F-18 variants require two crew (one pilot, one WSO). However, many recent F-18s require only one crew. Related Article – F-16 Vs. F-18: Top 10 Differences Between The Viper & Super Hornet #2. Characteristics. Okay, so the Su-57 lacks the same history as the F-35. ... The dimensions indicate that the Felon fighter is more than 14 feet longer, as well as features a larger wingspan (48 ft 3 in compared to 35 ft).13 Apr 2023 ... Of course the F-16 players scream Russian bias when they can't figure out why on earth a modern jet with advanced fly-by-wire doesn't have ...F-4J Phantom II VF-96 Fighting Falcons, NG100 / 155800 / 1972 – “Showtime 100” Foster continues; ‘The F-14 was late ’60s technology (except the radar. It too was a product of the ‘50s. Hard to believe but true) and what an advance a decade made! ‘The Tomcat weapons system had a good blend of automation and manual control.The General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, now manufactured by Lockheed Martin, was introduced in 1978. This multirole, air superiority fighter costs upwards of $14 million to produce, and its ...F-16 is far stronger in the current meta imo and has a much better and reliable radar. The F-14B is still strong but will still struggle and continue to struggle the more advanced 4th gens we get. So for future proofing I'd go with the F-16, and get the F-14 later just to have clear path for the much stronger F-18 which will be far more worth ... We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The F-35 is larger and heavier than the F-16, making it more difficult to maneuver at high speeds. However, its extra weight also gives it more power and range. The F-35 can carry a heavier payload of weapons than the F-16, making it more versatile in combat. The F-35 has a single engine, while the F-16 has two engines.Dec 28, 2022 · 🔴 ***Join The Squadron *** 🔴In this video, we'll put the legendary F-16 and F-14 into a dogfight to see which aircraft will come out on top. We'll be in th... The F-16 is pretty efficient with just a pair of GBU-31's for instance, which is a decent amount of fire power for a typical mission. ... It’ll be on the F-16’s level in a dogfight, the F-18’s level of intuitive cockpit, and F-14’s level of BVR. Absolutely ridiculous and will undoubtedly break the game when it’s released. Reply replyThe weapons on the F-14 including the cannon are every bit as good as the Russian weapons, and the F-14 has a strong air frame as well as variable-sweep wings, which help it in changing speeds, turning, and acceleration. The SU-57 would likely be just a little more maneuverable, if in fact the Russians have thrust-vectoring figured out.Get the plane you love the most because you’ll get the most enjoyment out of it. The F-14 is actually super easy in the pilot seat. RIO is the complex part. It’s “trickier” to fly than something like a Hornet or F-16 but not hard, you just need to be mindful of your limits and the planes quirks. Jester is fine. Still, the F-14 could carry a reconnaissance pod (although an RF-18 version was produced) while the F-18E fly as a buddy refueler. Anyway, thanks to its eleven weapon stations, the Super Hornet is ...7 Sept 2023 ... The F14, F16, and many other jets feature multi-target tracking. The F15 (upcoming assumingly), F18 (upcoming assumingly) etc etc.The General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon, now manufactured by Lockheed Martin, was introduced in 1978. This multirole, air superiority fighter costs upwards of $14 million to produce, and its ...[2.0] F-16 Variants v1.5.0 / chapter 2 of 4 / 01 jan 24 / greg goebel * The F-16 has been continually improved since its introduction and still continues to improve. This chapter provides a description of F-16 variants. ... Initial flight of a Block 25 F-16C was on 15 June 1984, followed by the first flight of a Block 25 F-16D on 14 September.War Thunder. F-16 vs Mig29. F-14a... The F-14 first flew on 21 December 1970 and made its first deployment in 1974 - BR11.7. Mirage 2000C-S5 The first production Mirage 2000C (C for chasseur, "fighter") flew on 20 November 1982. [6] Deliveries to the AdA began in 1983... Frankly, it's fine. I've been absolutely clowning on MiG-29s on the …12 Jun 2019 ... F-14 vs F-15 vs F-16 vs F/A-18 4th Gen. U.S.Fighter Competition-Minimum Radius Turn Time attack !The F-15 was developed as an air superiority fighter. The F-14 is used as an interceptor, for air superiority, and as a multirole combat aircraft. It was ...The F-15 is a twin-engine fighter jet capable of extremely high speeds and altitudes, while the F-16 is a less powerful but more maneuverable single-engine ...Because there is no way an F104/F-4 can ever hope to get nose on to shoot down a MiG 29 or F-16. SARH and ARHM are part of combat the player base has had plenty of time to learn how to counter them. Choosing to fight that F-14 on the worst possible terms is just how it goes. In another game that F-14 gets smacked while engaging another target.Both the F-15 and F/A-18/CF-188 and their pilots worked well together — but soon Winebrenner realised his ‘flying tennis court’ was easier to spot than the smaller F-18 Hornet. This print is available in multiple sizes from AircraftProfilePrints.com – CLICK HERE TO GET YOURS. F-15C Eagle 36th TFW, 22d TFS, BT/79-051 / 1981.14 Feb 2015 ... Look how many F-14´s could be bought (712 only with a hefty price tag of 38 million $ vs a F-16 4540(!) @ 18.8 million$ or the F-15 1198@ 30 ...F-14 vs F-18: Specs. Photo courtesy of Sergio Ruiz via Flickr. Both the F-14 and the F-18 have been very successful Navy fighters. As such, both Grumman and …Sep 25, 2022 · 1. The number of engines. The F-16 has one engine – the F/A-18 has two. This is largely due to their differing operational environments. The F-16 operates from land bases, while the F/A-18 operates primarily from carriers. Of course, this also bears a lot on survivability. F-22 Raptor vs F-16E Fighting Falcon BLOCK 60 Comparison. F-22 Raptor vs F-16 Flight Cost Per Hour. Overall and BVR ratingsThe F-18 has a range of 1,253 miles, vs the F-16's much higher 2,002 miles. The latter also has a higher ceiling of 55,000 feet, compared to the F-18's 50,000 feet. The F-16 can stay in the air ...The higher output of the F-35's engine ensures incredible speed and acceleration, granting pilots greater situational awareness in a dogfight. Furthermore, the F-35 has a higher service ceiling and more excellent range than the F-16 due to improved fuel efficiency. Both fighters are capable of supersonic speeds, but the F-35 can fly faster at ...🔴 ***Join The Squadron *** 🔴In this video, we'll put the legendary F-16 and F-14 into a dogfight to see which aircraft will come out on top. We'll be in th...The Air Force is retiring F-16 fighters as the F-35 fighter comes on-line. The F-16s are stored at “The Boneyard” in Arizona. About thirty F-16s a year are brought out of storage to become ...1969–1991. Number built. 712. The Grumman F-14 Tomcat is an American carrier-capable supersonic, twin-engine, two-seat, twin-tail, all-weather-capable variable-sweep wing fighter aircraft. The Tomcat was developed for the United States Navy 's Naval Fighter Experimental (VFX) program after the collapse of the General Dynamics-Grumman F-111B ... Jan 11, 2023 · McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle. On the other hand, the F-16 is considered to have better maneuverability and agility than the F-15 due to its lighter airframe and more powerful engine which allows it to make quicker turns in dogfights. Additionally, the F-16 boasts an impressive array of onboard avionics systems which give it an edge in airborne ... That is meta-defining. The F-16 is doing nothing but playing an old meta very well. It is a very strong aircraft for sure, but the F-14 is no slouch either. The only thing I can comfortably put out of the F-14's reach is CAS, the F-16 is powerful there. But there is no understating the presence of a single F-14 in a match. 22 Aug 2021 ... Check out the Merch Store: https://teespring.com/stores/growling-sidewinder-store American Murder Hornet Hoodie: ...The F-14 Tomcat is a two-seat, twin-engine, variable geometry wing aircraft. The F-18 Hornet fighter jet is designed for use by a single pilot and can carry out various missions in all types of weather conditions. These two machines are both amazing, although they were developed for different reasons by different countries. Their comparative sizes explain it all. The Mirage weighs 7500 kg (dry) and has a total takeoff weight of 17,000 kg while the Falcon weighs 8,570 kg (dry), with a maximum takeoff weight of 19,200 ...Lockheed Martin has announced a fighter jet it calls the F-21. The single-seat fighter is packed with missiles, modern sensors, and can engage in both air-to-air and air-to-ground combat.New member here. Been eyeballing the F-18 vs f-14 for a few weeks. I've been keeping an eye on the discussions and found this thread to be very informative! So I took the dive and jumped on the F-18 last night. WOW! Very glad I did - it's like night and day between it and the F-15. AND used my ED Miles for added discount on the F-16 ;).Apr 15, 2023 · In general, the F-15 Eagle performs better in terms of air superiority. On the other hand, the F-35 Lightning II serves more as a battlefield “quarterback.”. In other words, the F-35 is stealthy enough to sneak behind enemy lines yet also lethal enough to pick off enemy fighters. The F-16 evolved from a 1972 USAF Lightweight Fighter (LWF) prototype program which sought a small, lightweight, low cost, air superiority day fighter designed ...Apr 18, 2017, 12:26 PM PDT. Lockheed Martin. The F-35 Joint Strike Figher represents the US Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps' vision for the future of combat aviation, but a damning 2015 report ...A study found F-16 has a 92:13 kill/loss ratio, with MiG 29 having a 16:28 kill/loss ratio. Largest share are Israeli Air Force with 52 claimed kills (2 unconfirmed), the Pakistani Air Force with 24 kills claimed. Turkish Air Force is third. As discussed above, this can have different reasons and doesn’t necessarily mean the F-16 is so much ...Apr 11, 2007 · Air Force F16 fighter jet (technically an F16N---denoting it was sold to the Navy---but this aircraft is mainly used by the USAF rather than Navy) vs the F14... Jan 3, 2020 · Technically speaking, the F-35 has a lower thrust to weight ratio – 1.07 vs 1.11 of the F-16 – an important statistic in dogfights. Additionally, its close range weaponry is underwhelming compared to the Fighting Falcon. However, the U.S. Air Force believes that the age of the dogfight is over. Battles will be fought with the long-range ... Browse all gaming. 🔴 **Join The Squadron ** 🔴 In this video, we'll put the legendary F-16 and F-14 into a dogfight to see which aircraft will come out on top. We'll …Buy F-14 now and F-16 later. The latter is still WIP. ED is currently focused on finishing F/A-18, only two people work on F-16 at the moment. It will take several months until all planned features are added to Viper. F-14 is pretty much complete module now. There are some minor bugs obviously but it applies to all DCS modules.That fact was put on display numerous times when I finally got to my first F-14 fleet squadron, VF-213 Blacklions, and had numerous flights dedicated to air-to-air maneuvering. I got my butt handed to me by some of the best Tomcat pilots on the West Coast—Slammer Richardson, Stash Fristachi, Killer Killian, Whiskey Bond, and my …11 Apr 2021 ... Both aircraft are very fast, the F-15 with a better high altitude turn capability and thrust to weight, and the F-14 generally a little better ...The F22 and F16 are both very capable aircraft and are considered some of the best fighter jets in the world. They both have many similarities, but they also have some key differences. The F22 is stealthier than the F16 and has superior avionics. The F16 is more maneuverable than the F22 and has a faster top speed. Judging by my experience against the f16 (got the German mig29) they are better dogfighters compared to the f14 but if I saw this right the f14 can carry more radar missiles. Maybe you guys have experience which one you enjoyed more or which one would be more beginner friendly. Cheers. I think F-14B is the best US jet.10 Feb 2021 ... F-16 Viper Vs F-14 Tomcat Dogfight | Digital Combat Simulator | DCS | · Comments525. HK ...We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.Demographics suggest that Americans over the age of 60 will soon become a larger consumer group in terms of income than 20-to-34-year-olds, yet companies still …Sep 23, 2015 · The Lockheed Martin F-16 Fighting Falcon has been the mainstay of the U.S. and allied air forces for decades. Over the years, the aircraft has evolved from a lightweight visual range dogfighter ... The F-16 (in it's Cold War iterations) was never in the same league as the F-15 & F-14 in terms of gaining and maintaining air superiority over contested skies. So to start with, the F-14 was much more than “competitive” against the F-16 in this mission set, it was well …Nov 4 2023 In this article: F-14 Tomcat The F-14 Tomcat and the F-15 Eagle are two of the best (and two of the most beautiful) fighters ever built. First flown on Dec. 21, 1970, …War Thunder. F-16 vs Mig29. F-14a... The F-14 first flew on 21 December 1970 and made its first deployment in 1974 - BR11.7. Mirage 2000C-S5 The first production Mirage 2000C (C for chasseur, "fighter") flew on 20 November 1982. [6] Deliveries to the AdA began in 1983... Frankly, it's fine. I've been absolutely clowning on MiG-29s on the …22 May 2023 ... Flying out the F-14B vs the F-16 to see which one is the best in the US tech tree! https://forum.warthunder.com/index.php?The students fly in a two-seat F-16, with an instructor in the back.” During the second week of the exercise, new pilots flew “large-force” missions pitting many F-16s against other F-16s ...The F-14 still has the better radar, so any radar missile will also perform better. For dogfights, the F-14 is also better as long as it's faster than mach 0.5, due to the 9G limit that's applied to the F-16. But once the F-16 is at mach 0.5 or below, it will win any dogfight. Raflesia. The F-15 is made by McDonnell Douglas and the F-16 is made by General Dynamics. The F-15 is a twin engine jet and the F-16 is a single engine jet. The F-15 is dual-role and the F-16 is multi-role. The F-15 came out earlier. They look, and are very different from each other.Cbu97/105 are really cool, F18 don't have them. SEAD not yet the best plane because it got no Talds yet compared to the Hornet. But the F16 will get them and ALE to afaik. So F16 will be king because of HARM, TALD, ALE and Ham target pot. The F16 cons: No carrier stuff. Not anti ship missiles.The F-4E could take some 10.5 instant "G"s, and 7.5 "G"s sustained. The F-14A could take 8.75 instant "G"s, and 7.75 sustained "G"s. The G limits were much lower than that. IIRC the G limit depending on the weight was no more than 7.33 if you were very light, and if you assymetrical loading it was much less.The Tomcat is BIG airplane. It was designed more for long range interception, NOT dog fighting. The F-15, F-16, F-18, are made for this role. It would be better to put the F-14 against the F-111, or British Tornado, in a "vs" competition.At medium BVR ranges, the F-16 is better than the F-15 [in DCS] as long as you can keep it locked up. The F-16 is also better than the Tomcat at this range which has to choose betweem outright inferior AIM-7's that allow some airframe maneuverability or AIM-54's with their range, but drag and weight penalty. 3. F-16 Fighting Falcon je jednomotorový, víceúčelový, stíhací letoun 4. generace, který existuje v jednomístné i dvoumístné verzi. Letoun doplnil stíhací letouny F-15 Eagle, které jsou určené k vybojování vzdušné nadvlády. Dále F-16 Fighting Falcon nahradil předchozí generaci letounů a u evropských letectev většinou F ...Check out the Merch Store: https://teespring.com/stores/growling-sidewinder-storeLongshot's Channel: …MythicPi • 1 yr. ago F-16 is the one you should get first. Its a LOT easier to fly, much more of a handholdy plane and doesnt have much in the way of complexity to it. The radar …Check out the Merch Store: https://teespring.com/stores/growling-sidewinder-storeLongshot's Channel: …The Liberty won 81-79. All-Star Saturday Night, Feb. 17, 2024, gets an event like never before: Sabrina Ionescu vs. Stephen Curry, in a 3-point battle of the sexes. …Feb 10, 2021 · Check out the Merch Store: https://teespring.com/stores/growling-sidewinder-storeLongshot's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCszke4C7G1THhlh0puHWZ1g... | Cgdnumps (article) | Mpppljz.