Voltage of car battery

The nominal voltage of a battery depends on the chemical reaction behind it. A lead-acid car battery will output 12V. A lithium coin cell battery will output 3V. The key word here is "nominal", the actual measured voltage on a battery will decrease as it discharges. A fully charged LiPo battery will produce about 4.23V, while when discharged ...To be able to check your car battery voltage, set the multimeter’s voltage range to 20 volts. Otherwise, if there’s no voltage range in your multimeter you need to set it to Direct Current Voltage (DCV) or DC. This step should be done properly because connecting it to the wrong terminal will lead to a negative reading (ex. -12.6 instead of ...A good battery will sit around 12.6 to 12.8 volts when fully charged. When a good battery is put through a load test equal to its rated CCA (cold cranking amps) its voltage will drop to around 9.6 to 10.5 volts depending on the ambient temperature. It will then shoot back up to ~12.6 volts once the load is removed. …A typical car battery will drain in 2-3 weeks and be unable to start your car due to the parasitic draw from the car’s electronics. With the negative terminal disconnected, a healthy car battery will only self-discharge at 5% per month. Let’s get into the details!Discharge curve of NiMH battery. The above data are the results tested at ambient temperatures of 25°C, 0°C, -20°C, and -40°C, respectively. As can be seen from the chart: When the NiMH discharge voltage is lower than 1.1V, its power decreases rapidly. So in practice, we usually set the cutoff voltage of RC cars running NiMH to 0.9V.A standard car battery contains six cells, each producing about 2.1 volts. Therefore, a healthy battery will read 12.6V. Between 10V and 12.6V will mean you can recondition the battery. At less than 10V, replace the battery instead. Empty the battery cells – Until now, you did not need to remove the vehicle's battery. …The profiles represent the voltage of the battery without the BMS, that is, allowing the voltage to be outside the operating window. In the timestamps where the … The amperage battery drain test; The voltage drop battery drain test; The bad alternator diode test; The car battery hydrometer test; The first three tests require the use of a digital multimeter. If you don't have one, you can buy a useful multimeter for around 20 dollars. And you don't need to have much experience in car repair to apply any ... Testing Batteries With a Multimeter. How to Test a Car Battery with a Multimeter. FAQ for Testing Your Battery with a Multimeter. Testing Your Battery.An electric vehicle battery is often composed of many hundreds of small, individual cells arranged in a series/parallel configuration to achieve the desired voltage and capacity in the final pack. A common pack is composed of blocks of 18-30 parallel cells in series to achieve a desired voltage. For example, a 400V nominal pack will often have ...Here comes the exciting part! Let’s break down the AGM battery voltage chart. When your AGM battery is fully charged, it should show around 12.8 to 13.0 volts. Consider this the gold standard. But as your battery discharges, the voltage drops gradually. Don’t fret; it’s perfectly normal!Typically, a fully charged car battery will have a voltage reading of around 12.6 volts. When you start the engine, the voltage reading should drop to around 10 volts. However, if the voltage drops below 9.6 volts, you may experience difficulty starting your car, and the battery could be in need of replacement.Bad Connections. Corrosion. Parasitic Drain. Other Battery Problems. Driving With a Dead Battery. Checking a Charging System at Home. Keeping Your Battery From Dying. When your car battery dies once, it may be tempting to just write it off as a fluke. Car batteries can die for a huge range of different reasons, and there’s always the …Yes, car battery voltage can be too high, which can lead to damaging effects on the battery and electrical components of the vehicle. Understanding car battery voltage: The voltage of a car battery typically ranges between 12.6 and 12.8 volts when fully charged. This voltage level is crucial for the proper functioning of the vehicle’s ...Jan 15, 2024 · At what voltage is a car battery dead? A car battery is considered dead when its voltage drops below 11.9 volts. At this point, it may not have enough power to start the vehicle. What is a good car battery voltage? A good car battery voltage is typically around 12.4 to 12.6 volts when the engine is off and the battery is fully charged. Oct 23, 2023 · What is a good state of charge for a car battery? A good state of charge for a car battery is between 75% and 100%. In general, it is recommended to keep the battery charged as much as possible to ensure optimal performance and longevity. What is state of charge for 12v battery? The state of charge for a 12v battery is the same as any other ... Car starter batteries are purpose built to provide a short burst of amps to start your car’s electronics and engine but not to “deep-cycle”. They are instead rated in Cranking Amps or Cold Cranking Amps which is the number of amps provided for 30 seconds until the battery voltage drops to 7.2 at 32 or 0 degrees Fahrenheit, respectively. A 12 V car battery has the same amount of current as eight 1.2 V AA batteries. One may wonder if you could use these batteries to start a car It is futile to use eight AA batteries in place of a 12v car battery. This is because the eight AA car batteries will have a high internal resistance.Jaguar recall for battery that might overheat Jaguar is recalling 258 of its 2019 I-Pace vehicles. The company revealed that the high-voltage battery may overheat.What happens when there's too much voltage? Learn about the difference between voltage surges and spikes from this article. Advertisement If more voltage is introduced than an elec...Nov 19, 2020 · Car battery voltage must be above 12.2 volts to operate properly If the voltage isn’t within spec, perform a voltage drop test to determine the condition of the terminal/post connection. Computers can’t operate at voltages of 9.6 or lower. Aug 15, 2023 · NOCO seems focused on delivering an effective, user-friendly charger, and to that end, the company nailed it with the Genius 1. Amperage. 1.0A. Cord Length (Clamps to Outlet) 112.0 in. Battery ... Nominal battery voltage is the voltage of a fully charged cell or battery when delivering rated capacity at a specific discharge rate. The nominal voltage per cell is 2V for Lead Acid, 1.2V for Nickel-Cadmium, 1.2V for Nickel Metal Hydride and 3.9V for Lithium Ion (small cells only). Let’s dig into it and see if we can figure it out.Yes, car battery voltage can be too high, which can lead to damaging effects on the battery and electrical components of the vehicle. Understanding car battery voltage: The voltage of a car battery typically ranges between 12.6 and 12.8 volts when fully charged. This voltage level is crucial for the proper functioning of the vehicle’s ...Will it Scale or Fail? Read the Voltage Effect to Find Out How to Make Good Ideas Great and Great Ideas Scale. The Voltage Effect is a guide on how to get rid of bad ideas and make...A 14V car battery is suitable for a battery if you make use of a 12V battery. The standard battery used by most cars is a 12V battery. When running your vehicle, the battery’s voltage should range between 13.5 and 14.5. If you are looking forwhat is a healthy car battery voltage, it depends on what type of battery you are …Oct 24, 2023 · Lorsqu'on parle de la tension d'une batterie de voiture, on parle de voltage. En règle générale, une batterie avec une tension normale avoisine les 12,7 volts et elle ne doit pas descendre en dessous de 11,7 volts. À l'arrêt, la tension de la batterie doit être comprise entre 12,3 et 13,5 volts. Si le voltage de votre batterie passe en ... It’s that time a year again when you wake up, it’s cold out and your car won’t crank ~12.6V: fully charged~12.4V: 75% charge~12.2V: 50%~12V: 25%11.9V …If you're in a pinch or some form of emergency situation, you can give your phone a little bit of charge with a nine-volt battery, your house key, and standard car charger. If you'...How To Test Car Battery Amps With A Multimeter. You can easily check the amperage of a car battery using a multimeter. One necessary step you must take before testing the amperage is to test the voltage in the battery. Here’s everything you need to do to test both the voltage and amperage of a car battery: i). Turn On The HeadlightsYou don't have to install a car stereo into a car to make it work. You just need a power source. In the case of car audio gear, you'll need a 12-volt battery, like those used in ca...Car battery charging – step-by-step. Disconnect the connecting cables. Important: The cable which is connected to the negative terminal must be disconnected first. This prevents a short circuit between …19 Oct 2009 ... 11.8 volts on a car battery either means you have: an undercharged battery, a battery that is bad (sulfated plates, low electrolyte level, worn ...The battery voltage is an indicator of the state of charge of the battery. A fully charged battery should read 12.6 volts or more with the engine off. If the battery shows less than 12 volts, it's completely discharged. However, even an old failing battery with low capacity will show 12.6 volts when fully charged.XS Power D3400 XS Series. Now 11% Off. $320 at Amazon $380 at Walmart $400 at crutchfield.com. Pros. The battery of choice for competition car audio. Sealed and spill-proof AGM technology. Cons ...When a battery is completely charged, its voltage should be at 12.6 volts or above. But this rule is applicable when the engine is turned off. If you measure the voltage of your car battery shortly after you had the …A 12 V car battery has the same amount of current as eight 1.2 V AA batteries. One may wonder if you could use these batteries to start a car It is futile to use eight AA batteries in place of a 12v car battery. This is because the eight AA car batteries will have a high internal resistance.Tesla’s battery pack voltage is around 400 volts, which is higher than the voltage of a traditional car battery. The Model S P85’s battery pack has a capacity of 90 kWh and weighs over 530 kgs. The battery pack is the single most heavy component, and all the different versions of the same cars might have a different battery pack, thus ...Car batteries have 12 volts and usually have six cells. Larger devices like laptops may use lithium-ion batteries with up to 11 volts and four cells. How Many Cells in Lead Acid Battery? A lead acid battery is made up of a number of cells. Each cell has a positive and negative plate, separated by an electrolyte. The number of cells in a lead ...Jul 29, 2020 · Alternator Test. To test the alternator, turn on all of the vehicle’s electrical equipment – headlights, interior illumination, climate controls, stereo. This will maximize the voltage load. If the multimeter reading drops below 13.5 volts, the alternator is struggling to properly charge the battery and may need replacement. In fact, a fully charged battery should measure at least 12.6 volts when the engine is off. When the engine is running, the voltage should read between 13.7 and ...Often it is the old car batteries with highest demand for reconditioning, however, you also have house batteries for nearly free from scrap factories which can work for reconditioning as well. ... First step is to check the battery voltage and ensure it to be less than 12 V. This shows that it is already dead. Heat about half a liter of ...Car battery charging – step-by-step. Disconnect the connecting cables. Important: The cable which is connected to the negative terminal must be disconnected first. This prevents a short circuit between …A fully-charged car battery has 12.6 volts or above, and the value rises to 13.7 to 14.7 volts with a running engine. Prepare your vehicle for the battery test by turning off anything that uses battery power and disconnecting the ignition. Check for dead battery terminals with a multimeter. Test the battery with a voltmeter or a power probe.For extreme or specialty performance, AutoZone carries Odyssey performance batteries and Optima AGM batteries. For an auto battery replacement at the lowest price, Valucraft batteries can get you back on the road with the lowest impact on your wallet. Make sure that you choose the right size battery. When you need to buy a new car battery, make ...An 8 volt battery is designed to operate within a specific voltage range. When fully charged, an 8 volt battery should read between 8.4 to 9.6 volts, depending on the manufacturer and the type of battery. The voltage will drop as the battery discharges, but it should never fall below 7 volts, or the battery may be damaged.Jul 13, 2023 · Your battery is fully charged if the voltage measurement is about 12.66 volts. When the engine is operating, the voltage of a completely charged automobile battery should be between 13.7-14.7 volts. However, do not check the battery while the vehicle is running, as this is more of an alternator test than a battery test. 27 Jun 2012 ... Sometimes you need a constant powersupply for devices. You need a buck-boos-inverter with a input range from 10V to 16V an a constant output of ...A standard car battery contains six cells, each producing about 2.1 volts. Therefore, a healthy battery will read 12.6V. Between 10V and 12.6V will mean you can recondition the battery. At less than 10V, replace the battery instead. Empty the battery cells – Until now, you did not need to remove the vehicle's battery. …A conventional starter battery consists of 6 cells connected in series, each with a nominal voltage of 2 V, which results in a voltage of exactly 12.72 V when the battery is fully charged. The capacity and the cold start capability of the battery results from the number of plates per cell.A typical car battery will drain in 2-3 weeks and be unable to start your car due to the parasitic draw from the car’s electronics. With the negative terminal disconnected, a healthy car battery will only self-discharge at 5% per month. Let’s get into the details!Jan 7, 2023 · Learn how to measure the voltage of a car battery with a multimeter or a simple test. Find out the ideal range of car battery voltage and how to maintain it. Cranking voltage is the voltage required to start an engine. It is typically around 12 volts. Battery voltage is the voltage that a battery produces when it is fully charged by cables. It is typically around 14 volts. Battery Drops to 7 Volts When Starting . If you’ve ever had your car battery die on you, you know …A 12 volt lead acid battery in a room where the temperature is 86°F (30°C) has a float voltage of 13.28. If the room temperature were to drop to68°F (20°C) the float voltage required would increase to 13.52. Many modern smart chargers are designed to charge batteries until they are full and then relax the …A 14V car battery is suitable for a battery if you make use of a 12V battery. The standard battery used by most cars is a 12V battery. When running your vehicle, the battery’s voltage should range between 13.5 and 14.5. If you are looking forwhat is a healthy car battery voltage, it depends on what type of battery you are … We gave you the definitive Car Battery Voltage Chart for cars in the UK, in 2023. We talked about what these voltages actually mean, and how you can interpret the battery voltages you measure. We noted that 12.6-12.7 Volts is the normally voltage for a fully charged battery, and showed which voltages correspond to which approximate charge % level. To check your battery, follow these steps: Set the device to read DC (direct current) voltage. After doing this, set the dial to 20 volts so you will be able to measure 0-20 volts. A fully charged battery should give out at least 12.6 volts, so setting the dial to 20 volts is enough.Jan 15, 2024 · At what voltage is a car battery dead? A car battery is considered dead when its voltage drops below 11.9 volts. At this point, it may not have enough power to start the vehicle. What is a good car battery voltage? A good car battery voltage is typically around 12.4 to 12.6 volts when the engine is off and the battery is fully charged. How to Test a Car Battery with a Multimeter. Turn the headlights on for two minutes to get rid of any surface charge the battery may have. Set the multimeter to 15-20 volts. Turn the lights off. Connect the multimeter to the positive and negative battery terminals. If you don’t have a voltage of around 12.6 volts, …A fully charged car battery will have a voltage of 12.6 volts when the car is off. A completely dead battery will have a voltage of 12.0 volts or below. A car battery voltage should be between 13.7 and 14.7 volts when the car is running, indicating that alternator is charging the battery and it can sustain the voltage.Sometimes it just means the battery is discharged and needs to be fully-charged with a battery charger. The same is true when measuring battery voltage to determine if a battery has gone bad. Fully-charged, most car batteries will measure at least 12.6 volts (~13.0-13.2V for OPTIMA YELLOWTOPs), but low voltage doesn't necessarily equal a bad ...Most car batteries are called “12-volt,” but actual voltage depends on the state of the charge. This test can be performed with a simple voltmeter or multimeter, but a battery tester will determine this as well. Determine if your battery is within the healthy voltage range. Fully charged, it should read 12.6 volts or higher. At 12.4 volts ...13 Feb 2020 ... It's still open circuit voltage. You have to factor in the drop when the battery is connected in the car. And that will vary depending on the ...The voltage of Tesla batteries can be different across various Tesla models. Here’s the voltage of Tesla car batteries: Model 3: 350V. Model Y: 360V. Model S: 450V. Model S: 350V. If you’re interested in the battery packs of Tesla cars and have questions about them, read the remainder of this article to get your answers.Understanding the Resting Voltage Range. Now, let’s talk about the ideal resting voltage range. Picture this: your AGM battery is feeling its best when it’s hanging out between 12.7 to 12.8 volts. Anything below 12.5 volts, and it’s telling you, “Hey, I’m feeling a bit drained here!”.11.35V. 0%. 10.80V. Table-02 AGM Battery Voltages while Discharging at 0.1C. From the above table, it is recommended to set the end voltage to 11.95V for 50% DOD. Even under low current or no discharge, the remaining capacity (SOC) is still 25% or more, which will not cause any damage to the battery.Signs of an overcharged car battery include loss of water, battery failure or a hydrogen explosion. In vehicles equipped with an onboard computer, the overcharging battery causes f...Aspirin has acidic properties that can alter a battery’s electrolyte composition. Crush 12 aspirin tablets into a fine powder, and add about 180 ml of warm water to create the solution. Pour the solution over the positive and negative battery terminals, and add more water to cover all the plates if necessary.That voltage, with no load, is for a nearly discharged battery. You can connect a charger whilst the battery is in the car. Keep the trunk and battery compartment open when charging. Measure the voltage after an overnight charge, and 1 hour after disconnecting the charger. If the voltage is not 12.5+, the battery is dying.Voltage is how we measure the difference in electric potential energy. Learn about what voltage is from this article. Advertisement Sometimes people get intimidated when thinking a...Let's say the charging station charges 48 cents per kWh, so it will cost about $37 to fully charge its 77.4-kWh battery pack (although EVs usually aren't fully charged at fast-charging stations ...In practice, a car battery has six cells, each of which has a typical resting voltage of 2.1 volts. Therefore, since the cells are connected in series, the total rest voltage of a fully …27 Jun 2012 ... Sometimes you need a constant powersupply for devices. You need a buck-boos-inverter with a input range from 10V to 16V an a constant output of ... Ft. Lauderdale. May 30, 2019. These batteries are amazing! The customer service was excellent too! Gio was very knowledgeable and answered all my questions in regards to my car battery and alternator. Overall, good product and good service! Totally recommended. Jessie. How many Amps to Charge a Car Battery. If your car battery is 12-volts, it will begin the charging process at 13.8 volts which is the pressure behind the amps. The amount of amps used is up to the owner but common amp chargers are 1.5 or 2 to top off or maintain, or 4-6 amps to charge a battery from dead overnight. ...1) Lift up your golf cart seat to locate the battery compartment. 2) Count the number of holes on a battery. Usually 3, 4 or 6 holes. 3) Multiply the number of holes by 2 to determine the golf cart battery voltage. Each hole/cell is equal to 2 volts. 4) Multiply the golf cart battery voltage by the total number of golf cart batteries. Set your voltmeter or multimeter setting to test DC voltage (Direct Current Voltage). If there’s a DC voltage range, set the voltage range higher than the voltage you’re testing. Since it’s a 12V car battery, set the multimeter to 20V. 3. Touch the Probes to Each Battery Terminal. Car batteries are designed for one purpose – provide a powerful, quick, high-amperage current to the starter to start the car, and then constantly have this charge of 12.6 volts maintained by the alternator once the car is running. The following things, however, can cause a battery to either not retain that charge, or not … Hybrid vehicles combine electric car technology with that of traditional cars. A hybrid vehicle utilizes a 12-volt lead-acid battery and gasoline like a traditional vehicle while also pulling ... Oct 16, 2023 · The electrical system of a modern car runs on 12 volts. When the engine is off, a fully charged battery will measure roughly 12.5 volts. The voltmeter should read between 14 and 14.5 volts when the engine is running and should remain there unless there is a significant demand on the electrical system, such as wipers, lights, the heater, and more. A conventional starter battery consists of 6 cells connected in series, each with a nominal voltage of 2 V, which results in a voltage of exactly 12.72 V when the battery is fully charged. The capacity and the cold start capability of the battery results from the number of plates per cell.A measuring device which can only measure the state of charge of the battery is suitable to test a conventional car battery. In an ideal case, an open circuit voltage of about 12.8 V is measured with a Multimeter. If the voltage falls below 12.4 V, the battery should be recharged as soon as possible.An 8 volt battery is designed to operate within a specific voltage range. When fully charged, an 8 volt battery should read between 8.4 to 9.6 volts, depending on the manufacturer and the type of battery. The voltage will drop as the battery discharges, but it should never fall below 7 volts, or the battery may be damaged.Oct 16, 2023 · The electrical system of a modern car runs on 12 volts. When the engine is off, a fully charged battery will measure roughly 12.5 volts. The voltmeter should read between 14 and 14.5 volts when the engine is running and should remain there unless there is a significant demand on the electrical system, such as wipers, lights, the heater, and more. A car battery should read a minimum of 12.6 volts, and when your engine is in operation, the battery should record a voltage value within the range of 13.7 – 14.7 volts. This tells you how many volts is a car battery while running. However, it goes a little higher, up to 15 volts, due to the power being received from the alternator.Mar 10, 2024 · An empty battery can cause you to be stranded in dangerous places. You can start by checking the battery for cracks or bulging sides. If everything is fine, use a voltmeter to check the battery voltage. A good battery should have a voltage of 12.5 volts. If you see a reading of less than 11.8 volts, the battery is weak and needs recharging or ... Most retailers offer a simple free five-minute battery test. Use our Find a Retailer for a location near you to get a free battery test. When fully charged, how many volts should a car battery have? charged automotive batteries should measure at 12.6 volts or above. When the engine is running, this measurement should be 13.7 to 14.7 volts.How many Amps to Charge a Car Battery. If your car battery is 12-volts, it will begin the charging process at 13.8 volts which is the pressure behind the amps. The amount of amps used is up to the owner but common amp chargers are 1.5 or 2 to top off or maintain, or 4-6 amps to charge a battery from dead overnight. ...Absorption Charge: The 2nd stage of 3-stage battery charging. Voltage remains constant and current gradually tapers off as internal resistance increases during charging. It is during this stage that the charger puts out maximum voltage. Voltages at this stage are typically around 14.2 to 15.5 volts."The float voltage of a sealed 12V lead acid battery is usually 13.6 volts ± 0.2 volts. The float voltage of a flooded 12V lead acid battery is usually 13.5 volts. As always, defer to the recommended float voltage listed in your battery’s manual. Some brands refer to float as “standby.”.To check a car battery, turn off the ignition and pop your vehicle's hood. Hook up a voltmeter to the car's battery by connecting the red lead to the positive terminal and the black lead to the negative terminal. If the battery is in good condition, the voltage will read between 12.4 and 12.7 volts.Most retailers offer a simple free five-minute battery test. Use our Find a Retailer for a location near you to get a free battery test. When fully charged, how many volts should a car battery have? charged automotive batteries should measure at 12.6 volts or above. When the engine is running, this measurement should be 13.7 to 14.7 volts.Jul 15, 2021 · The voltage regulator controls the amount of current that flows through the rotor’s field to regulate the alternator’s voltage output. Battery problems, illuminated warning lights, lighting issues, and other electrical oddities are the top symptoms of a bad voltage regulator. A weak battery or a faulty alternator can cause the voltage ... Voltage, Current and Resistance - To find out more information about electricity and related topics, try these links. Advertisement As mentioned earlier, the number of electrons in...Car batteries have 12 volts and usually have six cells. Larger devices like laptops may use lithium-ion batteries with up to 11 volts and four cells. How Many Cells in Lead Acid Battery? A lead acid battery is made up of a number of cells. Each cell has a positive and negative plate, separated by an electrolyte. The number of cells in a lead ...Every battery manufacturer has a unique method of identifying the different sizes and voltages of the batteries. When you have battery-operated devices that require new batteries, ...Level 1 chargers plugged into a 120-volt alternating current (AC) outlet can charge a drained battery electric vehicle (BEV) in 40 to 70 hours (that's 2 to 3 days!), …Mar 17, 2019 · A fully charged car battery will have a voltage of 12.6 volts when the car is off. A completely dead battery will have a voltage of 12.0 volts or below. A car battery voltage should be between 13.7 and 14.7 volts when the car is running, indicating that alternator is charging the battery and it can sustain the voltage. If the battery will start the car without issue, and the car will run without the electronics going crazy (which is what happens a lot of the time when the battery has low voltage), it should be just fine. Realistically, these are called a "12 volt battery" for a reason. Anything over the 12vdc is bonus. Car starter batteries are purpose built to provide a short burst of amps to start your car’s electronics and engine but not to “deep-cycle”. They are instead rated in Cranking Amps or Cold Cranking Amps which is the number of amps provided for 30 seconds until the battery voltage drops to 7.2 at 32 or 0 degrees Fahrenheit, respectively. It will settle to ~12.4 volts after being disconnected from charging. If it goes below 11 volts, it's basically dead and probably damaged. That said, as the other comment says, a load test is what measures the actual capacity (how many amps it can put out) of the battery. A damaged battery could sit at 13 volts but die under a load test ...A diode conducts electricity in one direction, from its positive terminal (anode) to its negative terminal (cathode). A diode will not fully conduct electricity until the voltage a...OPTIMA YELLOWTOP batteries are designed for both starting and deep-cycle use, so their normal voltage range is about 13.0-13.2 volts. OPTIMA obviously makes BLUETOP batteries as well and the normal voltage for those batteries is also about 13.0-13.2 volts, except for the 34M BLUETOP, which is the marine version of our Group 34 REDTOP …A battery is generally considered “bad” or damaged when its output voltage drops below a critical threshold. For a 12V battery, a voltage below 10.5V under load is typically a sign that it has outlived its cycle life. Consistently low voltage readings often signal it’s time for a replacement.The ordinary car battery is several cells, 6 to be exact, usually giving 2 volts each connected in series to give the 12 volts of the battery. A string of batteries may be connected to the float charger in series safely to maintain … | Ccuduputeod (article) | Mobkmgvn.